【非洲異國情】有教無類

 

africa非洲在文明世界的兢爭賽道上,總是落在後圍,跟他們在國際馬拉松賽場上表現截然不同。人會問:「到底在非洲有學校嗎?他們是怎樣的學習和培育下一代?」編幅所限,本文只簡略介紹在非代某個地區的教育,從傳統至近代一般的情況發展,並不全然代表非洲整體。

無獨有偶,傳統的教育模式上,非洲近中國都多有類同之處,基本屬家傳和師徙制,但沒有分門派,沒有正統和公立制度 。教育因社會發展有限,只順著經濟發展的模式,限於家庭內或家族的傳授,多為實用謀生的技能,父傳子,母授女等。學習者都是尊師重道,邊作邊學。從家庭至出門到外工作,都是延伸家庭和家族關係範圍內工作,學習固然之。固所為有名師傳授。中國有謂派系堂門等對持。

非洲傳統的學習特式都是有樣學樣,少有鼓勵創新。所以一般學子,都是看父母師傅怎樣,加上旁邊的同友如何,有樣學樣,強調總要一致,而少有問為何。固此,有所謂填鴨式教育。


一位叫亞密的年青人透過父親協助從遠鄉到城跟叔叔學做木工已有五年,每天他與幾位師兄弟都在早上八時前已到達位於城的大道處,路邊設置的店鋪 (背向住屋圍牆面向車水馬龍的大街,左右有不同行業的店鋪。他與同事在等候師傅時,便吃點地道的長形法式麵包以加點力量作工。師傅到工場後的行動,都成了各學徙的焦點。隨了受指派作粗糙工作,如打釘,鉋木鋸木等可自由發揮,其餘的工作,包括度準,裝配等都有師傅在場密切監督才可動工。筆者有機會到他的工作處,目的是看看筆者所訂製的門,施工如何。不幸,有嚴重錯誤出現,筆者要求立刻改正。師傅便急忙動手,又向各學徙吩咐作這作那,亞密與各師兄弟也急起來,為命是從,拿釘,鋸門,撲左撲右,使筆者有感疑問,要處理突發事情時,何解只有師傅出馬,一群有幾年學師經驗的「學師仔」都沒主見和應付能力嗎?

非洲傳統的學習是從家庭親傳、至社群裏的師徙傳授,以身教作有樣學樣,加上群體文化互相影嚮,每天一起工作、一起共餐(是吃大鑊飯),看重人倫關係,相互扶助,分嘗工作的喜與憂和外地自由文明社會的模式不同。非洲的文化重視年長的教導,從家鄉的長者向孩童傳授民族故事和遠古歷史,至年青一代出外謀生,都有如此的偏愛傾向。

近代愛外國影嚮下,公立學校的設立,發展速度雖緩慢,但也上了軌道。 教育模式改往在公眾地方,興建公眾的建築物。因各國漸受都市化的影嚮,許多鄉民都受遷徙之苦,因教育模式是受法式和英式的 (殖民時代的遺留),許多下一代的子女在西歐和非洲傳統文化價值間掙持,從學校回來的孩童對家庭的價值起了變化,有質疑或不遵從者甚眾,令至抱傳統思想的鄉民、父母受到威脅,排斥外國思想及外國教育學校。不少非洲國家也倡導亞拉伯語教育。曾有一舂趣事。 政府為推動鄉間教育發展,多次派員到一條鄉村向村長父老介紹和要求撥地興建校舍,談論多時終於獲他們答允給地作興建校舍,鄉民也在村長鼓勵下幫助。工程在半年內已完成和舉行開幕禮,村長民眾也赴會。翌日迅速招生入門,等了個多星期,連一個學生也招收不到。校方派員到村長去訪查詢問。村長答覆他和村民聽勸只協助撥地、助建築和完工,但沒有答允要讓子女們來上學。

發展公立教育自殖民時代已開展,時至今天已有第三代受教育的人。但發展速度追不上人口發展。許國家人口都在未受教育的一邊。父親若是受過教育,其子女多是受教育。相反,子女能持續奮進學習的比率明顯甚少。父母因為生計而相繼要出外謀生養家,子女放學回家自然要放下課本,協助相親工作,而缺少時間學習,甚至有人認為功課只限於在學校幹的,回家不用再接觸書本。

鄉間發展教育較困難,要與村民溝通和建立關係。除資源短缺 (如教師薪金是村民和政府承擔),還有要處理老師方面。到異鄉工作的教師,生活清苦和遠離親屬等長久考驗下,都是對鄉鎮教育能否持久發展的一大憂患。然而,在各城各鄉的教育,學校資源雖短缺,但沒有到殺校封門和對教師裁員等現象。而教師不足,一班學生眾多有近六十至八十人,並與教師擠在一個班房內上課,也不感到困倦。他們學習時,時有誦念課本的誦唱,時有嗡嗡興趣小組的組合,師生樂容不疲,年紀和資力參差,來者不拒,真能顯出有教無類的美範。

 

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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