【非洲異國情】談婚論嫁

 

在今天文明社會裏,傳統婚嫁習俗己有許多改變,隨著個人主義和女性地位抬頭,自由戀愛和婚姻己是普遍,更有因追求實現個人理想和經濟而傾向遲婚,或選擇獨身。今天非洲又如何?在城市居住的人也受到文明和經濟壓力,影響個人婚嫁的抉擇。然而,眾多在鄉間生活的人仍保留傳統的習俗。

一妻多妻,父母之命。非洲民族仍流行多妻制。由於生育失衡,女多男少,加上農村家務繁瑣和人力渴求,要增加人丁只靠多娶多生養,達至人多好造作和保護家業。回教更有定例,男子可娶2 - 4妻。傳統或因家境清貧原故,有不少民族仍守一夫一妻美德,安份本己。妻子是男子的產業,所以只可順從一夫。若丈夫喪亡,其親弟按族例要接娶兄嫂為妻和照顧他的子女。若不願接娶,這婦人便可以自由離去,但子女要留下作她先夫的家人。

一般父母關心子女的婚姻。青年的適婚年齡,男子在20至30歲,女子則有從13 歲起至30歲內。若過了適婚年齡,個人和家庭都會受社會人仕的歧視。女子只要有過六次月經便可以接受提親出嫁。貧苦村戶選擇將年輕的女兒早送出門以減輕家庭擔子,祈望能許配與年長的富戶。某些民族設有預訂未婚妻,年齡少至4 - 5 歲起,以分期付款按時交予她的父母,直到女子年紀足歲或父母選擇出嫁日子。

拍施了解,迎向婚禮。在城市的新一代,而男子會到女子父家請求與女子交友,若得允許後便可與女子見面拍拖,他還要接待女子的朋友,邀請喝茶和交談等,這段彼此了解的時期可長達兩年。女子也講究談婚前拍拖,花時間彼此了解培養感情,達至倆情雙悅。然而鄉間傳統上,男子當遇上意中人時,他必須帶些檳榔到女子的父母家中提親,並送上檳榔為訊物,若對方父母吃下檳榔,則示意允許。

有些村族男子會帶一把鋤頭靜悄悄到女子父親的田園裏工作,協助耕種一段時間作為提親行動。女子的父親發現有陌生男子在田裏工作時,他會詢問他女兒們,若確認和徴得女兒同意後,便去找男子約他父母商談親事,然而女子不會參予商討。婚禮籌備可是個復雜艱鉅的事情。女家一方比較輕省,只負責新娘基本的結婚服裝和裝扮。男子可要繳付昂貴大禮,包括牲畜,房屋、家具用品,酒席等。

家長責任上也會協助出錢出力,但當婚男子多需獨力承擔。隨時代社會變遷,傳統婚嫁的禮儀和約束也漸漸寬鬆,禮金和開支也沒有一律要求。有不少人更視婚禮以物質利益為著眼。男子擇偶也按對方背景尊貴寒微來衡量聘禮討價的條件,不同族群的背景優劣也有定價。此外,未婚童女的聘禮高昂和婚禮鋪張隆重、再婚和寡婦的禮金和婚宴就顯得微薄和從簡辦理。

聘禮婚禮,分期進行。西非有個民族堅守同族婚嫁,特別女子不出嫁外族。固此男子欲娶同族女子,籌備聘禮代價高昂,包括一頭牛或兩頭公羊,米、糖,花生、茶和油各數十斤,一個行李喼內有12套新娘衣服和12對女裝鞋,還有唱機和其他物品。因此,有關籌聘禮和婚禮等開支,算起來,男子需要花全年日夜努力工作才可籌募足數。

因此,族例容許聘禮和婚禮可分兩期繳交,由女子父母出價作實。小婚禮當天,男子要先付可觀的上期大訂和支付宴客筵席。當日有盛宴設擺款待全村村民。婚禮後,男子和女子當夜可同寢一宵。翌日早上他們出房後,由一位婦女入房檢驗床被,查看女子的貞潔。女子有三日不准出門,男子要離開女子,繼續去籌務繳付下期禮金,限期可延至十年。期間,他需要經常回來提供女子的衣服。女子由父母照顧,包括女子所生的子女需要。

若男子籌得其餘禮金,便可擇日舉行大婚,再預備三天盛宴款待親友,赴會者也要預備送禮。在婚禮前兩天內,由專人來給新娘化妝,穿婚衣和帶金飾,在手和腳劃上花紋,然後以簿紗蓋頭。新郞不能與新娘接近。另外有幾位女家男丁負責看守新娘,免得她逃走或被擄走。婚禮中,有一婦人負責背起新娘從女家載到男家婚禮地方,另有一位中年婦女作大襟姐或稱「神婆」,背新娘起行前和沿途都有一些儀式,大襟姐婦人口中念念有詞,大意是求神庇佑和吹吉避凶等。赴會客人晚間暢懷吃喝和跳舞,加上傳統奏樂如拷豉和拉絃琴等,日間休息。婚禮三天滿後,婚禮告成。新娘要守三朝回門之禮,以息女家父母掛念之情。再過十多天後,新娘便從此離開父家,搬進夫家,一生與丈夫家人同住。

非洲人生活雖然清貧簡樸,可是在婚嫁事上是很重視和講究,因這是村族傳統習俗的大事,是他們文化傳統的遺產和尊嚴。婚嫁不單是兩個男女聯合的事,更是兩個家庭結親和兩個村落社群結緣,影響日後兩家兩村族間的聯繫和聲譽,對上年紀的長輩猶為重要,故要慎重辦理,讓家庭全族日後都以此為光榮。當有婚禮舉行,全族群老幼都會赴會祝賀,大家一起共樂,為日後進來新人和人口增添,及同族人有持久的和諧而努力。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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