Home昔日真理報2013年 真理報文章2013 年 7 月【特稿】新約文本的歷史考察(3)

【特稿】新約文本的歷史考察(3)

 

偽經及靈知派的來龍去脈

流行著作常提到在新約之外的其他福音書,大部份來自 1945 年在埃及發現的 Nag Hammadi library,內中包含五本後期假冒為耶穌門徒而作的福音書,考據年份為 350AD,屬諾斯底主義(Gnosticism)的著作。所謂偽經(pseudepigrapha),是指假署名的書,即指一些人為了推廣自己觀點,而假托一些有名人士之名而寫書。此外,也陸續發現不同的偽經。偽福音書寫作在耶穌之後約兩世紀,是都是後來冒耶穌門徒之名寫的。

諾斯底主義是指得靈知可解脫的神秘教派,為一種宗教混合主義,一個根源是希臘神秘教派畢達哥拉斯主義( Pythagoreanism )和新柏拉圖主義,另一根源可能來自埃及對 Toth 神的崇拜。此神鷺頭人身或狒狒頭人身,代表智慧,被稱為神的心靈,或太陽神的舌頭。在西元前二世紀,著作 Poimmandres 及 Hermes Trismegistus 成為神秘宗教典籍,以靈光為宇宙之源,人須融入靈光而得解脫,是一種泛神論,與柏拉圖主義中的邏各斯結合,又混合各派占星術、煉金術、民間邪術及諸神崇拜而成。

新約保羅書信中提到:「躲避世俗的虛談和那敵真道、似是而非的學問。」此中「學問」一辭原文就是靈知(gnosis),似乎保羅時代已有這種思想,不過那時仍未進入基督教之中。二世紀教父愛任紐(Irenaeus)寫 Against Heresies,認為諾斯底主義從行邪術的西門(徒8:9-11)信主後將邪術帶入基督教,「一切的異端從他開始。」他大力批判當時混入基督教中的諾斯底主義。該派反對物質,反對身體,反對造物主,認為最高上帝只是不動之靈光,耶穌只是領悟靈光,傳遞靈知的聖人。

愛任紐提到諾斯底主義者假使徒之名寫下很多偽福音書,如今的發現証實愛氏之說有根據,即諾斯底派巳混入了基督教,並企圖改變基督教為靈知派神秘主義,故愛任紐稱之為異端。其中包括近期較聞名的有猶大福音(Gospel of Judas),內容說耶穌邀請猶大出賣自己,為的是要釘死其肉身,使祂得擺脫身體與物質的牢籠,是典型諾斯底思想。

此經鑒証年份為 220-340AD.,由於愛任紐提到,可能寫於 180AD.,經名不是 Gospel according to Judas,即不是猶大寫的福音,而是有關猶大的福音。猶大與耶穌同期死去,不可能有遺作,故明顯是偽作,目的是反對上帝創造物質世界,而視反上帝者為英雄。

除了諾斯底派外,也有其他偽經,包含各種離奇記載,如1886年在埃及Akhmim掘得可能是彼得福音(Gospel of Peter),描述耶穌復活時,十字架會自己走出墓穴,還會和天使對話。還有Infancy Gospel of Thomas說耶穌孩童時,能將一泥塑鳥吹氣成活鳥,又一孩子因倒了耶穌打的水,被祂咒詛而馬上枯死成尸體。另一孩子撞耶穌,也被咒死。

這些都是後期偽作的神話,在編定新約正典時,由於強調啟示文本的真實性,故不將所有後期神話收入,免得人將耶穌當成一般民間迷信的神靈偶像來崇拜。福音書正典的確立,主要在根據各地教會保有的使徒及當時相關親睹事實的著作,都按目擊的文本來確立,有各教會公認的權威。而區分開一些後期宗教誇張性的偽冒之作。

393 年 Hippo 會議及 397 年 Cartage 會議共同確立了正典。排除了偽經,主要不是因政治原因,而是基督教重視經典的啟示真理,故對經典要求詳細考據,要基於目擊証人的著作,而不是神話性的誇張創作。由於四福音經典是在第一世紀開始在教會中宣讀,第一世紀末的 Clement of Rome 及 Ignatus of Antioch 均強調基督與使徒權威,又引述過福音書。二世紀的 Justin Marty 記載教會誦讀使徒回憶錄,並引述馬太、馬可及路加福音。他的門生(Tatian)編成四福音合參(diatessaron)。可見四福音在第一世紀早己存在。遠早於偽經之為二世紀後期至三世紀著作。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

Go to top