Home昔日真理報2013年 真理報文章2013 年 12 月【非洲異國情】聖誕在非洲

【非洲異國情】聖誕在非洲

 

Africa驟看聖誕節文化與非洲文化實在截然不同而難以扯上關係:一個是中東文化,一個是非洲原始部落文化。然而, 除了美國黑人社區的 Kwanzaa(是加上慶祝收割及別的活動)節未有在非洲盛行外,今天許多非洲國家的人都期待聖誕的來臨。除了在摩洛哥的高山脈出現白色聖誕外,其餘西非各地的聖誕都沒有雪景襯托,但他們仍熱烈地慶祝聖誕節,並早己準備籌辦慶祝和作各樣的佈置。

文化的聖誕
在非洲約有三億五千萬基督徒。聖誕當日,聖樂的歌聲由西非加納(Ghana)唱至南非國(South Africa),還準備了宴客的各類烤肉、送禮物,和探訪親友等都是主要活動。一般在非洲各地都以每年十二月廿五日為慶祝日。因文化和背景相異,各地民族有不同的慶祝方式,但有不少地區都以火雞餐助慶。肯雅人(Ken -yan)視聖誕節為家事之一,家人聚首一堂一起過節。特別的應節食品有自助炭烤羊肉、當地啤酒(Tuskers)。

某些
族群中更有特例,限制男女吃羊身的不同部份。清貧的家庭則只吃雞和其些清淡的食品過節。在岡果(Congo),信徒隊歌詠隊到各村莊報佳音,所收到的愛心捐獻,都帶到教堂內,舉行慶祝。信眾將備好的禮物堆放到聖餐桌前,慶祝聚會完畢,親友們便各自在家門前共嚐聖誕大餐。西非加納的慶祝更為隆重。在節日未到前四個星期便著手作聖誕佈置。當地聖誕也貼近可可豆收割期,他們所得收益有助節期的花費,農民也以此顯示其事業的昌盛。

西非的利比利亞(Liberia),
在聖誕節那天清早就可聽到聖誕歌曲,宗教歌聲一早就喚醒了人。當地人常以棉布、肥皂、糖果、書簿文具等作禮品彼此餽贈。早上教堂有慶祝聚會,加上聖景話劇伴著聖樂。聖誕餐是一頓以肉和餅配搭的飯。南非的聖誕正值夏天,學校放假,所以許多營會都在這時舉行。大百貨商店佈置了特大的節日告示和加插了現場節目表演,旁邊更放置了高大的聖誕樹。傳統上,當地土人以松枝在家裏裝飾,樹下圍著許多禮品。翌日是百貨公司的節禮(Boxing Day),也列為公眾假期,以作多日來節期慶祝勞動後的休息日。

禮儀的聖誕
非洲也有些國家重視聖誕禮儀。埃塞俄比亞信徒屬戈狄教會(Coptic Church),仍使用猶利安曆法(Julian Calendar)。聖誕正日因其特有曆法, 相等於西曆的正月七日。聖誕節的名為〝Ye GannaBal〞,意即〝耶穌誕生日〞。埃國視聖誕為宗教一項嚴謹遵行的禮儀,而非一般的假期。信眾以虔誠的心參加慶祝日,充滿熱烈氣氛,這個五彩繽紛的節日可延長至數天。其間他們有家人團聚,大肆吃喝,參加教堂慶祝和傳統遊戲。聖誕前夕,信徒要禁食,市內街道滿是巡行、祈禱、歌頌和報佳音的信眾。

正日到了禁食解除
以後,他們便開始多姿多采的巡遊。在彌撒禮拜中,每人都穿起傳統白色棉質的外袍,尾部有光鮮的長帶。城市人只穿便服;聖職人員穿頭巾,紅白的外袍,和心執彩色的雨傘。教堂彌撒聚會中,堂分為三個圈形的層次,詩歌班坐外圈坐位,會眾手持蠟燭坐在中圈,男女分坐。而神職人員則坐在內圈。聚會可長達三小時。應節活動方面,由於聖誕的守節禮儀, 故不重視送禮和穿新衣,只重視吃喝大宴,另外是玩遊戲,其中一種是騎馬互相射箭。應節美食包括各類當地釀製的酒,菜肉燉辛辣湯,他們屠宰牛羊作湯料,用加上裝飾的籃子載著當地製造的麵包配合吃用。節日後十二天,他們慶祝 Timkat,即基督受洗節,聖誕節的延續,信眾也要穿外袍參予慶祝。

人人的聖誕
在依斯蘭國家, 聖誕節仍是個獨特,被列為公眾假期的節日,但因世俗化的緣故,各人可隨自己的喜好而慶祝。在塞內加爾(Sene gal)首都達卡(Dakar),小販很熱烈地兜售聖誕飾物如塑膠聖誕樹和吹氣聖誕老人像。當然,在基督教盛行的南撒哈拉地區各國,政府准許在電視播放「耶穌傳」,他們也可盡情地談論耶穌的事,沒有禁忌。聖誕節更與當地傳統文化結合,天主教在市內舉行巡行。教會活動方面,他們在多星期前已提醒信徒預備大食會費用和購買特製的美麗布匹,布上印有聖誕經文等, 以在當日穿著參加慶祝。

聖誕快樂
非洲慶祝聖誕,著重於團體的聚集,多流於身外的活動和籌備,也隨各社群文化的不同而各自表達。然而,節日原意和信徒對節日持守的禮儀,對教外社會則未見有明顯的影響。某些活動方式,如製新衣和事前禁食等, 更與依斯蘭教教會信徒的活動有多方類同, 事後大家彼此和平共處,說聲:聖誕快樂。


加納  Ghana 的  Akan 族 --> Afi shapa

津巴布維  Zimbabwe --> Merry Kisimusi
南非  S. Africa  的  Zulu --> Sinifi sela Ukhisimusi Omuhle
埃及  Egypt --> Colo sana wintom tiebeen
申事蘭  Swaziland 的  Swail --> Sinifi sela Khisimusi Lomuhle
肯雅  Kenya 的  Swahili --> Kuwa na Krismasi njema
雷蘇圖  Lesthoto 的 Sotho --> Matswalo a Morena a Mabotse
埃塞俄巴亞  Ethiopia 的  Amharic --> Melkam Yelidet Beaal
尼日利亞  Nigeria 的  Yoruba --> E ku odun, e hu iye' dun!

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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