Home昔日真理報2015年 真理報文章2015 年 4 月【社會心】婚姻衝突--影響情緒的非理性思想(11)--災難化某些事

【社會心】婚姻衝突--影響情緒的非理性思想(11)--災難化某些事

 

上期討論理性治療(CBT)大師 David Burns 指出人最常見的非理性思想,包括:"揣摩他人的想法"(Mind Reading)、"非黑即白"(Black or White Thinking, All or Nothing)、"完美主義者"(Perfectionism)、"過急推論"(Jumping to Conclusion)、"只看負面,忽視正面"(Disqualify the positive)、"過份概括化"(Overgeneralization); 並討論了 "錯貼標籤"(Mis-Labelling)的例子。今期,我們繼續討論一個經常出現的,特別是在壓力或突然意外時,容易看到的非理性思維所引至的非理性行為反應,這就是災難化某些事情(Catastrophizing)。

一次失去手機的經歷

話說有一個週末,王太去街市買菜,回家後發現手機不見了。她很緊張,感到遺失手機後果嚴重,努力思索在那裡最後用過手機,非要找回不可。她回到街市,首先懷疑是報紙攤。問過老板,他很快便大聲回答:"沒"。她很沒趣,先後去了生果檔、中藥房及超市,都是沒有。在極度失望和失落之餘,她想到要去手機店立即取消服務,以免被勾線打長途。

停止服務後,回到家中,又想到假如拾機者有善心,想致電機主去取回,但停了服務,又怎能通電話呢?於是又駕車回去重開服務。之後,她致電在上班中的兒子,訴說她面臨的問題,並問兒子應否取消服務。兒子直接說:

"取消,因沒有人會致電給你。如有人拾到,明天去二手店找會更可能見到!" 於是,她又去取消。她折騰了一整天,由下午到晚下,她都沒有好心情,由煮飯到吃飯都不發言。飯後子女都各自入房,避免衝突。丈夫找套舊喜劇電影看,以圖減輕不愉快氣氛。是日,人人都是輸家。

晚上,太太仍在喃喃自語:

"我真蠢,又沒用,手機那麼重要都會遺失"(1);

"會否我的資料被偷,信用卡資料也被取出?我下個月的帳單會超標,會被人取清我的錢,以至破產?"(2);

"最大可能是報檔老板取走,他們真沒有良心,不是自己的也要取去!"(3);  

"如果不是為你們去買菜,我便不會遺失手機!"(4);

"幫人又如何?自己卻沒有好結果!"(5);

"所有資料都失去,我怎樣安排這個週末的大食會?又如何安排下個月的旅行訂房租車之事?會否全部活動告吹?全世界的人都罵我沒用,不再是朋友!"(6);

"為何沒有想到要 backup 電話及電郵名單?我應該可以做到的,但未做!"

這晚,她睡不安寧,不時自怨自艾。次日早上,準備上車返工,竟在車頭乘客位之前方左角處,看到她的深色手機,即時喜極而泣,昨日的憂愁自責和責他的心情一掃而空。從這例子,可以看到她的非理性思維嗎?她的每個回應都反映不同情況的非理性思考,例如:(1)自我標籤; (2)災難化; (3)過急推論; (4)過急推論; (5)過份概括化; (6)災難化; (7)完美主義者。

災難化某些事情(Catastrophizing)

災難化某些事情(Catastrophizing)就是誇大事情的嚴重性,去到極點,彷彿是世界末日般,生死關頭,非立即處理不可。例如:"天啊-- 我做了一件錯事。多糟糕,多可怕!流言似飛火,我的名聲全毀了!" 你要讓全世界的人都集中注意你,為你解困。災難化,你是把一件普通的消極事件看成了嚇人的怪物。有此反應的人,看事情傾向非常負面,未能冷靜過濾那些負面消息,失去平衡正反對照的能力,選擇性地從最壞的方向出發。這亦反映內心欠缺平安,低自信,安全感非常不足。此情況下的行動,大都是本能性反應(沒有對或錯),但往往都是反應過敏,過猶不及,甚至是過份激動(例如很大聲-- 引起注意; 大哭,極端用詞等等。)更差的是會引發出一連串的惡性循環,彷彿更加印證其極端想法是對的。看看以下例子:

朋友看見自己丈夫與另一異性朋友午飯-- 一定是:"丈夫有外遇,婚姻完了!人生也完了!" ;

收到信,兒子學校要召見家長-- "兒子犯大錯,他的學業前途盡失,多年培養白費!" ;

男友外套袋發現有女性手鐲-- "男友另有新歡,他如此不專一,我們的關係完了!" ;

早上見到老板剛入辦公室大門,你知道他見到你,卻沒有打招呼-- "老板對我有不滿,可能有人在背後造謠,可能職位不保,要找後路了!"

太太突然從廚房大叫:"那些蕃薯全部都爛掉!" 實情是:廚房有紅,黃及紫蕃薯三種,紅及紫蕃薯皆沒問題;她是指黃蕃薯變壞,而事實上隻是有少部分的黃蕃薯的前端變壞。但當說出 "那些蕃薯全部都爛掉",使聽者以為是全部的蕃薯,全部都變壞。她未能分辨少部分與全部,而隻看到少部分有問題,便視作全部都有問題!

上述日常生活例子,相信並不陌生。人生常遇到的不如意事,十常八九,意外事件每日在報紙看到大量出現。面對這些突發事件(可稱為逆境),當事人有何自我改善之道?身邊的人又該如何回應及協助?我們在下期繼續討論。

"事件本身並不重要,重要的是對事件的反應。"(易經)

"我們曉得萬事都互相效力,叫愛神的人得益處,就是按他旨意被召的人。"(羅馬書8:28)

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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