【非洲異國情】為羊勞

 

在非洲不少地區,羊不單在荒野生活,也有在城市的。筆者曾在一個鎮居住,鄰居是個大戶,常傳來電視噪音,騒擾至午夜。早上天還未亮,牆的另一邊就傳來「咯咯」的響聲,以為是嬰孩哭泣吵個不停;後來才知道是有幾隻小羊在找母羊求食。在無奈中才知道原來羊隻也在城市人家裏棲身。

羊給人的印象,是純真、良善、易受傷需加保護,又是小朋友所寵愛的動物。在城市長大的人,除了某些人偏愛吃羊肉和用作補身而對羊有好感外,他們都未必與羊有實際相處經驗而產生感情。對生活在荒野的遊牧民族來說,他們卻是與羊為伍的。當地人更為每隻羊都起了名 ,羊也曉得主人的叫聲,人羊間的感情便由此而生。寵愛程度猶如外國城市人的愛犬一般。在穆斯林的城市,每戶人在家都養有幾頭「白毛」,牠們早出晚歸,從沒有迷路歸不了的。當地的羊群在各大街小巷出沒,與人關係極為密切。

羊的售價也是不菲的。當地人在家以養羊為儲蓄,可作宗教節慶,也會賣掉羊隻幫補家用,或應不時之需。養羊成本可不低:飼料方面,要準備大量乾草。每天從市場買來青綠濕草,再添以玉米和小米練製具高營養的飼料餵養。起居方面,要在屋內一角另設欄備草等作護養。每天還要給牠們洗澡和清理居所,又要按時到獸醫處檢查,處理寄生蟲的問題、打針、保健和治病等。在某些日子,因天氣太潮濕等羊生存不利情況出現,以免出現疫情等嚴重問題而需更多加的保護。

在穆斯林群體,羊是用作祭牲。每逢回曆十二月更是依斯蘭世界的第二大節期--宰羊節(稱 Tabaski 或 Eid Al Adha)。相傳是記念他們的先知依瑪拉謙(即聖經舊約的亞伯拉罕) 因遵神吩咐,願將他的愛子獻為祭,神悅納他順服的心,及時制止並預備了一隻羊羔代替他愛子作為獻祭的祭物。穆斯林是規定必須嚴守這個節期,最少要買一頭綿羊在家裏宰殺和吃用。有些虔誠者會往麥加朝聖,在大黑石地方繞行七次後,便要到亞拉法山 Mount of Arafat(是神曾向依瑪拉謙顯現的地方),以頌經祈禱來守節。

每年臨近節期,當地人為要預備祭牲的羊而感到壓力,因羊販趁機謀取暴利。據說每隻健全綿羊價格高峰期賣到 200 至 220 美元,使祭祀的人都深感購買的壓力。政府為確保市場羊隻在期間的供應充裕而努力。在塞內加爾今年全國就要74萬隻羊,當地緊可供應一半的需求,另外一半要從鄰國輸入,並要節期前一週送到而不得遲誤。內陸國家如馬里因過去幾年遭遇政治不穩,全國經濟衰退,許多節期行業大受打擊,人民生活也出現了問題,以致節期前市場仍見羊隻大量囤積,販商迫於無奈要低價賤賣。政府和人民都圍著羊轉。

節期也是穆民歡渡新年的日子。大家都回家鄉團聚約有一週之久。正日當天早上八時許,大家到附近的清真寺作簡單祈禱,然後回家舉行宰羊大禮,小童則禁止在場,以免受驚。那時,一家人在空地圍在一起,把羊扎起,羊頭放向東面,一家之主拿起利刀在羊的旁,口中念念有詞,大意是求真主悅納他們宰羊,如同悅納先知依瑪拉謙的獻祭,然後用新刀在羊頸橫割,繼而用指頭沾些血點在自己的額上。接著是全家分頭處理宰割、煮肉等工作。男丁們負責將羊頭切掉,放在炭爐上燒,然後將羊放血、去皮、除脂油和內臟。清洗後便按教規將羊身切成三分,一份是家人食用,一份給他們的近親,剩下一份派給街坊窮人。婦女會合力把羊肉用各樣調味料來炮制,配以各樣餸菜。在當天,全家老少歡樂共聚飽嚐美餚,享受守節的滿足,和迎接新歲。當天各人都穿起新衣,又出外探訪鄰舍,彼此互道恭賀語,氣氛額外喜慶。

非洲穆民和中國人都很重視慶祝新年,都會放長假期回鄉與家人團聚。除舊迎新,穿新衣,備美餚,共歡聚。中國按例宰牛羊殺雞鴨,設酒宴和興歌起舞。非洲有些傳統風俗也有類似慶祝的活動,穆民社群因教規而沒有了酒舞和吃豬等,而宰羊吃是共同都有的菜。因非洲的文化和穆民宗教的因素,羊在當地人生活上有着千絲萬縷的關係,在節期的需求影響下,也成了當地謀取暴利的「白金」生意。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

Go to top