【非洲異國情】求醫

 

病人求醫是人類生存的基本需要,恢復健康的希望。病人尋找病因,求醫問藥,明白療方,挑選藥物,還有預防之法,想知道那麼多為的是希望人定勝病。「病向淺中醫」,「 預防勝於治療」等等的名言都伴隨我們成長。然而,先進文明國家的人,疾病依然未有遠離他們,每天到醫院求醫的人數之不盡。那麼,你知道非洲的人們染病時又如何求醫呢?

今天在發展中的非洲,在沿海地區和首都等大城市,找醫院、診所不難,藥房到處都是,城市人患病到醫院求診也很普遍,有穩定工作入息的人仕都能承擔其醫療費用,這有賴現代教育普及的成果。但非洲仍有七、八成人口在深鄉居住,知識水平較低,且缺乏醫療知識,有關設施服務嚴重缺乏。

在遍遠鄉間的病人有不少不願到醫院求醫的。貧窮和路遙是主要的原因。遠道出城求醫,困難重重,而且離鄉在外,舉目無親,人生路不熟,遇上騙徒或缺德的醫生,診病不成,還破財誤事,之後在留醫期間的開支也不少。來城求醫的鄉民,除了以上的諸多問題外,讓他們最感不安就是語言不通,思想有距離,溝通困難,容易受到城市人和異族人的欺凌。當病人或家屬有感受辱,就容易對城市醫院心生厭惡,至終選擇忽略病情,留鄉順其自然。其中以老弱婦孺和孕婦居多。病類以虐疾、肚生蟲、皮膚病、營養不良、老人體弱、婦科病等居多,都等著自然痊癒。若有病入膏肓者,則都作「有去無回」的心理準備。

非洲今天許多地方仍盛行採用本土醫術。最常見的是巫醫和穆斯林向教長求醫。巫醫用占卜運算探測病源,並提供解咒和殺畜燒災,又加插草藥,或以草枝編製護身符,要求病者配帶在身上。穆斯林的教長也充當醫師。教徒因信念,可蘭經內也有經節為據,對治病有療方。教長先將經內一、兩節經文抄寫在小紙條上,將紙條摺小,放在用皮造的一個細少的皮袋內,吩咐病人配帶在身,如手臂、腰、或掛於頸項等,用以軀邪。有時還將紙條用火燒成灰土,將之倒入杯內與水混和,要求病者飲渴用,可治明病和通暗恙,更為保小孩和女子免患病侵害,以防不明災咒等。看來,本鄉巫師和穆民教長兩者的醫術與中國傳統的巫醫頗有共通之處。這些醫師不但料理身患,還善於處理病人心理障礙,達至全人治療,深得民間信賴歡迎。然而,治病要收費,按病情治療各異而定。

政府為針對鄉間出現流行致命的疫病,每年除了以宣傳方式提醒國民為嬰孩接受防疫注射,更開動醫療車巡迴到各鄉鎮為鄉民作注射服務,有關的經費和藥物多靠外國援助。情況較好的,會有外國本地醫療合作,津貼藥費,或以廉價甚至免費藥品捐贈。有些會開辦固定診療中心,去服務方圓百里的群體。而其他小診所則難有註冊醫生,只有高級護士駐守。

開辦經營鄉村診所是個巨大挑戰。政府缺乏經費,人才調配困難,政策難照顧全面,還要求村民配合去長期承擔責任......筆者曾在當地協助一所鄉間診所。起先由政府與當地鄉申協議籌辦,村民先出資興建一間房屋,然後政府派駐一位護士及提供一批藥物到來,作為開辦服務的基本設備。政府因諸多理由和限制,以一年試辦性質,與一個國際自願者機構合作,預備一位醫護人員,提供半年基本醫護訓練 (仍未屬正式駐冊護士),還有支付薪酬和提供藥物等。護士初時仍要自行煮食,其後得村民協助輪流提供煮食。因診所設施簡陋,四壁泥磚塊外露,地面無鋪蓋,至灰塵飛揚,藥物也因無儲藥櫃散放於地。筆者見狀便加以援助,現象才稍有改善。診所服務惠及鄰近四處百餘鄉民和眾多遊牧人仕。平日早上村民多忙於田務或畜牧,到下午或傍晚才到來求診,多是孕婦和老弱。鄉村診所實在解決了居住偏遠鄉民要到城鎮醫院求診的舟車勞頓之苦。

醫療服務在非洲總是因城鄉資源不均,病人要獲得有效治療實在難有保障,他們只能選擇民間治病方法,兩者都給他們帶來沉重經費負擔。因文化和見識有限,仍未能全面配合管治。故此,許多偏遠村民只有選擇安留在家「順其自然」,這實在令人深感遺憾,今後有待更多自願團體伸出援手,幫助他們。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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