Home昔日真理報2017年 真理報文章2017 年 2 月【非洲異國情】遊牧地域的產品

【非洲異國情】遊牧地域的產品

 

在非洲半沙漠地區, 住有許多遊牧社群,他們日夜與牛羊出入,經營畜牧維生,因日夜與畜牲為伍和居住荒郊環境, 都影響著他們的生活文化和飲食習慣。這些地域因沒有像在熱帶雨林區有利種植的條件,又經常受著旱災饑荒和蟲鳥等天然災害的侵擾,地土和氣候變化,限制了許多農產機會。地域偏遠,遠離城市和運輸網絡,阻礙了物質供應。在種種不利生存的情況下,他們逐漸發展出特殊的謀生方法和飲食習慣,製造地道食物。

鮮肉為要

肉食是首項供應的食物。某些內陸國家更以牛羊出口為國庫主要的收入。每天可從行走在鐵路上的列車, 看到滿載牛和羊隻的列車駛往沿海國家。這些牲畜也供應了當地市場的肉食需求。成群的牛羊帶到市鎮,收購商戶將它們暫放在市內外圍一角落,每天都有人將牛隻帶往屠房,鮮肉不久便送至市場出售。而羊隻則各人在自家屋內處理。

牛羊副產品

除了肉類外, 還有皮革如牛皮, 羊皮的出產, 都有外商到來收購。傳統上,村民善用皮革製造多類日常用品,如用皮包裝飾盒,遠行隨身袋,刀柄和刀套,祈禱地毯,睡床和坐毯。他們將皮革染棗紅色或黄色,以家傳手技, 繪畫出不同的圖案,塗上鮮艷亮麗的顏料,別具原野風格。牛的角也是地道的藝術家所追尋收購,牛羊糞土也用作菜園施肥之用。

牛羊每天還為村民額外提供其他營養食品,如鮮奶及其他奶類食品。居住野外的村民清早起來,男丁先到牛欄進行清潔, 為畜群擺上飼料如草和水 ; 婦女負責從母羊和母牛隻擠取鮮奶,用大型的葫蘆缽盛載,然後加點糖來飲用,不用烹煮消毒。在荒野沒有店鋪出售食品,他們吃早點必有鮮奶, 又從昨夜吃剩的糕餅煮成稀粥,加點肉食等來吃用。有訪客時, 婦女取點羊奶,混合少許水和糖,然後用一支木條,前端有一個十字的小架,放進奶盤內, 然後用兩手掌在另一端木枝旋擦,將奶水和糖混和,以這飲品款待訪客, 有止渴作用。

還有一種特產是酸奶,當地村民有特別烹調法。他們先用葫蘆盤裝載奶汁,然後將盤蓋上布塊, 將盤放在太陽下約有幾個小時便可製成酸奶。婦女常用酸奶餵養小孩,一家人也經常飲用。他們也把剩餘的酸奶出售,常見在公眾車站或市巷,有少女將盤蓋布放在頭上向人群兜售酸奶。

另外一種是搖滾奶汁。在泡製過程上,先用一個羊皮囊, 容量可有約4-5公升,將奶放進皮囊內後封口。用手將皮囊前後猛力搖動約十五分鐘。奶汁會分成三層液汁,要將它們按次序倒出來。第一層是奶水仍可飲用, 將少量奶水與米飯一起混和烹煮,其味可人; 第二層是奶脂,可製作牛油; 第三層凝結於表層是奶油。村民將奶油給小孩吃, 以之來增加小孩的營養。

畜牧工作多由家庭成員輪流擔任,也有雇外人代勞。在乾旱季節, 草長和水源足時在住屋附近進行, 或是草枯水乾時要帶牲畜遠遷到水源地帶,他們都以牲畜為榮和相依為命,沒有受外界商業謀利的意念驅使而大量繁植牲畜。

地道山草葯

除了畜類產品外, 還有許多生長曠野的植物可作食品和治病草葯。有一種是樹膠(又名亞拉伯膠 Gum of acacia),顔色透明而呈橙紅色,在非洲半沙漠地帶,特別在蘇丹和半沙漠中盛長,村民採摘吃用,經提煉後可作補身治病。遠古至今, 這種圓圓粘質的結晶膠體,據說運到外國後可有廣泛的用途,如用作調控墨汁的濃度, 印刷, 食物的平衡濟, 油漆, 膠漆, 酒類調品, 美容品, 和工業用途等。故此,這種樹膠的市價利潤非常可觀。

還有一種叫猴麥包樹 Money Bread tree,在半沙漠盛長,外型並不可觀,但整棵樹由根至樹幹和葉等都是葯材,而常見的是其果實,內裏有許多白子粒可治肚瀉作用,在市集商店都有出售。另外是針樹的針型葉有治牙痛,油加利樹的葉可治虐疾。在沙漠盛開著紫紅色小花的沙漠玫瑰樹,為荒蕪呆滯的野地添上美麗色彩,從它樹身流出的樹膠味濃烈, 而對患感冒的馬匹能即時起治療作用。村民還取用野地的樹皮和草枝,造出草蓆,結繩,草籃,各種草織的用品飾物,在市鎮有一定的市場,因而為村民帶來商業的利益。


野地的生活貧乏,生活單調,令城市人在其中生活感到不安,社群發展緩慢。然而,在野地生活的人卻另有生活適應的能力,他們善用獨有資源,將特有的產品供應來造福城市的人,與他們適應配搭,使城、郊兩地的人群能相依共存。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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