Home昔日真理報2017年 真理報文章2017 年 5 月【非洲異國情】非洲人的家園

【非洲異國情】非洲人的家園

 

人類建造房屋,最初都是根據地理氣候和種族文化的習俗逐步發展演變的。居住山洞,使用樹木,覆蓋乾草獸皮來遮風擋雨,或在高山或在平原,或在丘陵或在沙漠,甚至在皚皚深厚的積雪中以求生存。隨著沙石,泥土的運用人們學會了燒制磚塊從而大大改善了人類的居住條件。其後鋼筋混凝土的使用又將房屋從平面逐漸增高直至聳天而立直上雲端。今天,隨著人類文明的進步,原始住屋已瀕臨絕跡,然而今天的非洲仍隨處可見起初的光景。

africa 1茅屋之鄉

非洲國家至今多以務農為生,生活在鄉間的人口佔很大的比例。他們建造房屋仍選用傳統方式:茅草頂和泥磚身的房屋,屋身有圓有方。圓的屋身直徑約四至五米。方的屋身約八米乘四米,牆身高只有一米半,有一、兩個很小的窗,有門無門框,以木板、草製架或鐵皮,少用釘或鏍絲等。門口狹窄,闊度少於六十公分,因此要側身和俯首而進出。鄉村屋多是用泥磚和禾乾草建造。也有人採用紅磚,由制磚專人在紅土地區逐塊鑿出來售賣。村民若無財力購買,便要親手自製。

旱季的苦幹

建屋必須在每年收割後至翌年雨季來前完成。事前要有一番的預備工夫。材料只有粘土、水和乾草,多選用稻草,能穩扎粘泥,磚頭便不易碎爛。首先在選好的粘土地方,將地土掘鬆,隔晚顧水車來,在晚黑將水澆透土壤,待明天清早,土壤己濕軟,將禾乾草與粘土混和,用腳磋踏。然後用木造的磚模而將磚倒製出來,磚塊需待幾週才乾透可用。另找人將磚運往建屋地點。磚頭工作準備好後,建屋要雇用建屋工人,通常工隊有師傅及兩、三工人,需時三、五天便完成。

首先在劃定的地方挖深,用石頭加點石屎鋪蓋以穩固地基,然後在上放入粘土和泥磚逐層鋪建,又在屋牆內外用粘土作抺灰。屋頂方面一個形如雪糕筒的大木框架,在磚牆高度至一米半後,由幾個人將屋頂架放在高度為一米半的磚牆上。然后放上備好乾草綑,由下至上環繞屋頂接疊地鋪蓋,至屋頂尖處時,要放上一個圓椎木,用以結札穩禾乾草綑的末端。方型屋的屋頂是對歪和尖頂型的,只需在屋牆上建造一個三角立方的木架,再放上禾綑。更有人在茅草屋頂內先放一層膠紙後放上草綑,以防雨水滲漏。屋內的地面是用粘土鋪蓋修平,乾後地面堅實和耐用。筆者在浩熱天氣下,曾在草屋內休歇,感覺屋內甚為清涼。

africa 2住屋與住苑

非洲人的住屋沒有甚麼油漆和裝飾,只用作儲物和放置家具之用,甚至連水缸和煮食用具等,都放屋內地上。而他們日常接待來訪客人是在屋外住苑空地,晚上各人睡在屋外空地的草蓆上,直到深夜天氣轉涼,或遇到下雨時才走進屋內睡覺。住苑除是人居住之外,還有安置禽畜,更是儲糧的穀倉和烹煮的地方。一個理想的住苑,必栽種多棵芒果樹,苑內一邊建住的屋,穀倉,它是個方型的泥磚小屋,蓋上茅草,屋身建在幾棵木頭上,以防止從地裡出來的白蟻侵食。穀倉沒有入門,只有一個小窗用作放取穀物,須用梯子才可進入放取糧食。另一角落有禽畜的草棚,晚上將幼小牲畜放在住苑內的棚裡。筆者曾有鄉村留宿的經驗,半夜睡夢中有各種畜類叫聲伴隨,清晨被小羊因肚餓找食的啼叫而驚醒。

住屋與鄰舍

以耕種為生的地區,村民建造的泥磚屋,都是緊密相連。而在半沙漠中的遊牧民族,他們因為畜牧緣故,天晚牛羊要返回,每戶牧民因群畜多和佔地廣,故此住屋就不是聚集接連,各住戶都保持相距約二、三百米遠。在半沙漠地區因缺乏粘土,屋身只能用長茅草建造。遇風沙吹襲時,他們在屋內架起長布以遮擋風沙。然而,泥屋抵擋不了風雨吹襲,過後村內不知有多少屋牆倒塌。在撒哈拉沙漠區的遊牧民族採用帳蓬,週邊用繩扎穩,以抵禦沙暴烈風。還有善於飄流西非各地的富拉尼人搭建的草製帳蓬,形如草包,每年旱季隨處可見,但雨季前便要拆卸和搬家。

africa 3另找家園

近半世紀以來,新一代離鄉湧進城鎮謀生。由於城鎮用地少,房屋供不應求,生活指數高昂,他們難以擠進層林密佈的建築屋,無奈只暫棲身貧民窟的鐵皮或紙箱屋內居住。遇有良機便爭取買地建屋。城市的用地多已被規劃,土地買賣也有完整的法制依從。一般人在短期內沒有財力應付興建費用,當地銀行也少有提供建住屋或完善的按揭貸款服務。另外,當地有例,地主兩年內在買入的幅地上若無興建工程,政府有權收回用地轉給他人。因此,他們在購地後作點建築以示。當地人建屋沒有指定期限,有錢時便興建多些,因此,在各城鎮中出現許多未完成的建築物。

非洲民族與中國人在傳統相近,仍存有大家族的觀念,一個家庭可住有三、四代的人,大戶可有十人以上多至卅、四十人。加上有祖屋田地,空間大和人倫緊密,彼此守望,治安良好,日夜也不用重門深鎖。房屋對當地人而言,是家族的祖業屬地遺產,又是家庭人倫的維繫地方所在。家的維繫和家人的緊密關系是很明顯,超越了房屋斗室的限制。故此,要離鄉遠行,在外謀生飄泊孤單的人,寄人離下,實是件苦事。然而,每逢過節或婚喪嫁娶之時,你會驚訝地發現村內多了許多人,他們並非遊客,而是在外地謀生因此返鄉團聚的自家本鄉人。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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