Home昔日真理報2017年 真理報文章2017 年 5 月【特稿】幼兒過早使用電子屏幕的危機

【特稿】幼兒過早使用電子屏幕的危機

 

近日越來越多家長關注到電玩或網絡成癮對子女的健康影響,並渴望了解該如何引導子女限制上網和時間管理,又不至增加與子女間的衝突。可是大多數家長沒想到,孩子對電玩的沉溺和學習缺乏專注的毛病,原因不在於孩子本質的好壞或品性是否聽話的問題上,也可能是由於家長過早使用電子媒體作教育或伴陪工具而引起的一些後遺症。目前專家研究已發現,過早和不當地讓幼兒使用電子屏幕,將使幼童大腦過度被刺激,因而造成日後學習和溝通上注專力不足的問題,後果十分嚴重。美國小兒科醫師協會 (2011),已警告家長----不應讓兩歲以下的小孩,看電視或使用電子屏幕。

 

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一直以來老人家都說三歲定八十, 目前研究的結果指出,早期成長環境對小孩大腦的發展,有莫大的關係,特別是頭三年的成長,會影響我們日後一生。 (The Urban Child Institute, 2016; Ngala, 2016)。

 

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1. 嬰兒出生時大腦的重量約 330- 400 克,到第二年已經是原來的 3 倍,增至約 1,000 克,三歲時的重量達 1100-1200 克,已接近成人大腦的 85%;5 歲時則發展到成人大腦的 95%。

2. 孩子出生時,擁有人生中最多數量的腦細胞(一千億的神經元)。當孩子接觸到新的體驗時,通過觸摸、嗅覺、視覺和聽覺感官,腦細胞快速地互相連接,因為重複地體驗,使突觸(細胞之間連接的地方)變得更強和更好。

3. 雖然大腦到25歲才到達成熟,孩子的頭三年,大腦裡有的突觸比成年人多達兩倍,它容易受外來的影響,是一生中可塑性最高的時期;而多餘的突觸會隨年日逐漸被淘汰。

4. 語言學習是最好的例子,孩子兩歲的時候語言發展特別快,而早年在環境中接觸的聲音和腔調,可以持續一生;相比長大後再學的語言,就較難避免出現口音。

雖然幼兒的學習和吸收速度特別快,但也特別容易疲倦,不能過度刺激!

Dimitri Christakis 醫生是研究電子媒體對幼兒大腦影響的專家。他曾發表 170 多篇有關孩子早期學習環境的研究文章,他和他的團隊(2015)研究的結果告訴我們:

1. 在三歲前孩童每天多看一小時的電視,將會在七歲入學時增加 10% 專注力問題;每天多看兩小時電視的小孩,比沒看電視的小孩,多出 20% 的專注力問題! Christakis 醫生解釋說,幼兒的頭腦完全分不清真實與虛幻世界的分別,「快速」的畫面與重覆的聲音吸引他們的注意力,就會令他們在生活中,期待著新鮮可愛的事物會不斷跳出來,可是在現實生活中,這卻不會出現。

2. Christakis 醫生認為,真正的問題出現在畫面播放時的速度和節奏,無論是成人和兒童的注意力都會受到影響;越是快速的畫面和節奏,就越能夠分散我們處理信息的注意力。他們的團隊對較大年齡的兒童進行需要集中力的腦皮質功能測試,比如數字的記憶序列,當兒童剛看完快節奏畫面的出現後,發現他們大腦的「執行功能」立刻被削弱,處理信息的能力下降,記憶序列的表現都變得較差;相反,他們玩積木遊戲、閱讀或繪畫之後,孩子的表現就不受影響。

3. 他建議家長要減少讓小孩接觸屏幕,並以一些與父母或大人有接觸和互動的遊戲來代替,這樣不但能使親子關係更親密,連孩子的語言能力也可一并提高。 他們發現美國的幼童,在家中和幼兒園一天共看約四個半小時的電視,除電視以外,可有考慮以其他活動代替呢?他們在西雅圖貧窮地區,對 200 個小孩進行研究,把他們隨意分成兩組,一組要求父母跟孩子每天玩 30 分鐘積木遊戲,另一組卻沒有特別要求。六個月後發現跟父母親玩積木的孩子,他們在語言發展方面比較優秀,成績高於一般孩子的中位數;另一組孩子,成績卻低於一般的孩子的中位數。

電子屏幕不能代替人與人之間的互動和連結,孩子對著螢光幕學習語言,難以分辨聲音的信息,遠不及父母親、祖父母或保母跟孩子說話時的互動。人際互動讓小孩學習觀察別人的面部表情、分辨他們的聲音和情緒表達。家長應把握孩子大腦成長的黃金時期,通過一起讀書、一起玩積木、和參與其他互動性高的活動,來加強培育孩子的認知和社交能力,養成良好的習慣,奠定他們未來的學習基礎。

蒙活現機構允許,轉載自 2016 年 10 月出版 "活現香港簡訊" 第六期。

參考:

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011, October, 18). Babies and toddlers should learn from play not screens.
Retrieved from www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/babies-and-
toddlers-should-learn-from-play-not-screens.aspx

2. Corel J.L. (1975). The postnatal development of the human cerebral cortex. Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press.

3. Ngala. Food and brain development. Retrieved from september, 14, 2016. www.ngala.com.au/

You-and-Your-Family/EatPlayThrive/Food-and-Brain-Development

3. TED. (2015,September 11). Dimitri Christakis: When it comes to kids, is all screen time equal? [Video file].

Retrieved from www.npr.org/2015/09/11/439192407/when-it-comes-to-kids-is-all-screen-time-equal

4. Urban Child Institue. Baby's brain begins now: Conception to age 3. Retrieved from september 14, 2016. www.urbanchildinstitute.org/why-0-3/baby-and-brain


5. Westervelt Eric (2015, February, 12). Q&a: Blocks, play, screen time and the infant mind. Retrieved from

www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/02/12/385264747/q-a-blocks-play-screen-time-and-the-infant-mind

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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