Home昔日真理報2017年 真理報文章2017 年 11 月【福音與中華】《新疆基督教史--兼地區簡史(19)》

【福音與中華】《新疆基督教史--兼地區簡史(19)》

 

編者按:從《新疆基督教史——兼地區簡史》中﹐細心的讀者可以看到基督教由西向東﹐最終傳播到東亞的 "足跡"﹐是對 "中國基督教史" 非常寶貴的補充。作者以嚴謹的史學論述方式附有大量詳細腳註﹐由於篇幅所限在此不得不予省略﹐需要作深度研究的讀者可去原文網址查核: 中國基督教理學協會(www.ccta2009.org/2012/08/blog-post.html)。

3、摩尼教傳入新疆地區

[339] 摩尼教(Manichaeism),漢語中又稱牟尼教或明教,在薩珊王朝(224-651年)的波斯開始推廣興盛,創始人是巴比倫(時屬波斯帝國)南部的摩尼(Mani 216–277),他和父母原先屬於一個基督教的浸禮派異端(主張每天在水裡洗浴獲得聖潔),[340] 後決裂。摩尼教的主要教義是"兩元三際":即,世界由光明與黑暗、正義與邪惡兩種力量所組成,以及宇宙歷史由初際、中際、後際(即過去、現在和未來)三個階段組成。摩尼教的經典採用當時的與亞蘭文—敘利亞文字母相似的、從左向右書寫的字母,這也是中古伊朗語和古維吾爾(回鶻)文所採用的書寫字母。[341]

根據摩尼教的經典可知,其教義主要來自基督教,同時摻雜一些猶太教和瑣羅亞斯德教的思想,例如,其二元論來自瑣教(也有可能來自基督教)﹔同時,也借用《聖經》中創造者上帝的觀念,但同時否認上帝是全能和全知的(參看奧古斯丁的《駁摩尼教徒》"Against the Manichaeans")﹔再者,還有基督教諾斯底主義(Gnosticism)異端的教義:例如,認為使徒也可以成為基督,或者說與基督同位如雙胞胎(諾斯底主義異端就是這樣認為使徒多馬的)﹔類似地,摩尼教的經書《詩篇書·二》中,認為摩尼是與基督同位的雙胞胎和分身(Pair-companion),寫道:"我們祝福你(摩尼),你是那光、基督、良善之源的分身。(We bless thy Pair-companion of Light, Christ, the author of our good.)" [342] 在摩尼的傳記(The Cologne Mani Codex)中,摩尼將 "保惠師"(a good and excellent counselor)稱為自己的雙胞胎(my Twin),且屬於自己(belongs to me and is mine)。[343] 根據摩尼的描述(那一年他 24 歲),這位 "雙胞胎" 被上帝所差,在極大的榮耀中顯現,面對面站著向他說話﹔並且摩尼是用第三人稱男性單數形式的 "他" 來描述這位保惠師,因此他指的是基督,而不是聖靈(筆者:《聖經》希臘原文中的聖靈是中性詞)。[344] 但是在傳記的後面,摩尼的門徒聲稱他是聖靈差派的作他這一代人當中的使徒 [345] ,以及摩尼自稱是 "出於上帝——真理之父的旨意而成為耶穌基督的使徒"。[346] 最為明顯的異端理論在於,他自稱自己在創世之前就存在了,也就是說,他將自己視為基督﹔此外,他還提到,善與惡都是被創造出來的。[347] 因此,摩尼教徒們將摩尼視為主基督來追隨。[348]

值得注意的是,摩尼還描述了自己見到 "最偉大的光明天使——巴爾薩莫斯(Balsamos, the greatest angel of light)",並且被天使牽著右手提起來飛行的經歷。[349] 這位天使還告訴摩尼,是上帝派他來向摩尼傳達啟示,並要求摩尼清楚地將這些口述啟示的內容書寫記錄下來,向眾兄弟姐妹們顯明。[350] 在三個世紀後,伊斯蘭教的創始人穆罕默德,也描述了類似的經歷。

此外,有一種說法是,摩尼教還堅持摩西的律法:例如,關於獻祭的傳統。因此, 摩尼教更象是基督教的異端變種,或者是變種猶太教化的基督教異端。鼎盛時期,摩尼教向西傳播到羅馬帝國,向東到中國(明朝)。著名基督教神學家奧古斯丁,在接受基督教之前,曾信奉摩尼教多年。摩尼教士穿戴白色長袍,頭戴白色高帽子。

 


 

[339] 本段参考高永久:《西域古代民族宗教综论》,第148-152页。

[340] Translated from Greek by Ron Cameron and Arthur J. Dewey, The Cologne Mani Codex, (P. Colon. inv. nr. 4780), "Concerning the Origin of his Body", (Missoula, Montanan: Scholars Press, Society of Biblical Literature, 1979), Introduction, 第1, 67, 69页。

[341] http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manichean-script

[342] Geo Widengren, The Great Vohu Manah and the Apostle of God: Studies in Iranian and Manichaean Religion, (Sweden: Uppsala University Arsskrift, May 1945), 第26,27页。

[343] Translated by Ron Cameron and Arthur J. Dewey, the Cologne Mani Codex, 第21,25页。

[344] 同上,第19,29页。

[345] 同上,第35,37页。

[346] 同上,第53页。

[347] 同上,第51,53页。

[348] 同上,第57页。

[349] 同上,第39,41页。

[350] 同上,第43页。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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