【非洲異國情】砍柴伐木

 

林木的寶貴,在城市長大的人可能不甚了解。有需要木料時,到店鋪便隨手可得。樹林不單為人類提供木材,它更是大地的生命外衣,為萬物帶來生命養份和清新空氣,給土地滋潤和生機,作百鳥走獸棲身之所,又能使百物繁衍,並吸引雨水降臨大地。

不過在全球有不少地方受著沙漠化的災害,在非洲沙漠區也發現有同樣的現象,每年氣候都在改變,如雨量短缺,旱情逐年加劇,樹林密度逐年稀疏。當地人對林木疏於保護和培植,更以伐木取柴為平日生活所需。沙漠化在西非是個嚴重現象,近年全球暖化的呼聲在當地政府也響起警鐘來。

林木減少有因

許多非洲國家傳統都以取木生火來煮食。燃油和石油氣在當地雖有供應,但因價格高昂和傳統習慣的原因,城市一般低收入的普羅大眾只好選用較節儉的方法生火。在鄉間每年四月間,農民開耕動土前,習慣以焚林來清除雜草,還為地土加上強炭粉,不時會失控釀成山火,造成林木巨大損失。鄉郊村民只能以砍柴作燃料來煮食,每天都看到男女老幼從郊野用頭扛著柴枝回家,擺放在家裏一角。筆者曾在非洲一小鎮居住,清早隔牆傳來轟轟的打鎚聲,原來是婦女清早起來要燒飯取火的聲音,用大斧頭竭力砍木。有時男丁在黃昏時,也協助婦女在空地砍柴,將粗大的樹幹砍成小塊作生火之用,這是家家戶戶每天早晚必做的勞動工作。

砍木成業,煤炭需求

城市人生活忙碌,婦女有家務和兒女纏身,無奈只能到市場購買木材。有市場需求,木柴業由此而衍生。筆者每天都看到有許多木頭車隊到近郊取木,到黃昏時,滿載木塊的車隊便抵達市集,將成堆大木枝放在門前大空地。往後幾天,有散戶或柴木收購戶到來購買,幾天後便賣光了。城市地方有限,不便屯積木柴, 選用煤炭更為化算。製作煤炭另有妙方,地點都在郊野。人們將大量的木塊堆起,加以封蓋,以無煙焚燒幾天便告完成。煤炭比木塊的利潤更高,用作生火,因耐燃而勝於木柴,當地人常用煤炭來煮水弄茶。

立法無效

當地政府對取木為業的商戶有嚴格規限,在各城鎮主要出入的通道上,都設有警崗搜查。經營商必先向政府登記獲得取柴牌照,每次運載木柴回程要在市口關卡申報繳稅。另外政府立例,嚴禁砍伐仍生長的樹,只能選伐已枯死的樹枝。若有別的理由,如大樹危害居民的,也必先有政府派員到場查証准許後才可進行砍伐。然而,山林長期受天旱威脅而枯萎,加上有不少人在偏遠地區故意損害樹木正常生長,增加林木枯死的速度,助長了伐木活動。

伐林木的禍害

砍伐林木已是當地生活的形態,在短期內難見管理成果。然而,筆者從當地人透露,廿多年前在該路段上曾是密林滿佈,全年是綠葉成蔭,因當年政府常有植樹運動,加上有經費支援和管理。另外,聞說多年前曾有不少外國人在市內居住,他們因當地氣候炎熱,發現原因是缺乏種植綠林,便推行植樹行動,在城邊的四角外圍進行大型植樹行動,幾年後便收到植樹的果效,全市的氣候有明顯的改善。多年後的今天,出入該處都仍看到有許多樹木依然屹立茂密,明顯是當年植樹者的貢獻。但在近年政府財困和忽略保護下,林木滅少,沿途呈現泥黃色,塵土飛揚。橫觀小鎮各處,因砍伐林木過甚,一般住戶的家苑內外也缺乏種樹,空地都用來建築。每年雨季因山洪暴發和土質鬆弛,雨水和泥濘橫流,使路面成了澤國,路面破損不堪入目,也導致地陷和房屋倒塌等後果。雨季有兩個多月,在雨水沖擊下,道路毀爛,駕車出入也感到茫然不知回家的路。

林木就是大地的外衣

樹根能抓緊土壤,送來養份,為大地帶來祝福,可謂能呼風喚雨。然而,當地的人民因無知而濫用土地資源,連地土基本養生的本錢也用盡,剝去其大衣,使她赤裸,再無生機,雨水遠離,取而代之就是風沙和乾旱的陪伴。取於土地,回饋大地。祈願當地有見識的新一代起來,愛護林木和珍惜大地,再給她穿回茂林綠草的美衣,讓她能再一次發出生機。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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