Home昔日真理報2018年 真理報文章2018 年 1 月【耶和華名譯史】「耶和華」名字翻譯小史(7)

【耶和華名譯史】「耶和華」名字翻譯小史(7)

 

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亡國時代的猶太人仍然保全神的名

公元前 960 年,大衛兒子所羅門王登基,神本對他十分眷顧,恩賜他智慧與財富。可惜他把外邦妻子們拜的偶像引進以色列,荼毒國民,惹動神的怒氣。公元前 931BC 所羅門駕崩,神讓國家分裂成南北兩國,以示懲罰。北國名《以色列》,立所羅門僕人耶羅波安為王,收納了以色列十個支派。南國名《猶大》,立所羅門兒子羅波安為王,收納其餘《猶大》和《便雅憫》兩個支派。使徒保羅便是便雅憫支派的人。

因為兩國都有很多國王拜偶像,尤其是北國,離棄耶和華─他們神的一切誡命,為自己鑄了兩個牛犢的像,立了亞舍拉,敬拜天上的萬象,事奉巴力,又使他們的兒女經火,用占卜,行法術賣了自己,行耶和華眼中看為惡的事,惹動他的怒氣 (王下17:15-17)。北國以色列,沉迷假神巴力 Baal,先知以利亞和伊利亞力圖勸諫,國人執迷不悟。耶和華就大大發怒,厭棄以色列全族,使他們受苦,把他們交在搶奪他們的人手中(王下:17:20),祂便從自己面前趕出他們,只剩下猶大一個支派(王下 17:18),和利未族人。終於在以色列建國 209 年後,到 722BC,亞述王西拿基立兵臨首都撒馬利亞,圍城三年,以色列被滅國,後主何細亞被擄,十個支派被放逐到不同的地方,久而久之,這十個支派便成了「迷失的支派」。

亞述人擄走以色列上流貴族,留下窮苦的百姓在撒瑪利亞。其後,亞述人引進許多其他戰敗國的外邦人,移居撒瑪利亞,並與以色列人通婚。被擄走的以色列人也與亞述人通婚。這些以色列人的後裔便統稱叫撒瑪利亞人。南國的猶太人便因而歧視他們的血統不純正。

南國猶大希西家王得到神的幫助,並有先知以賽亞為他禱告,得以保住半璧江山。但之後的 134 年,國民上下依然沉迷假神偶像,冥頑不靈,先知耶利米力勸也無濟於事。586BC,南國亦被巴比倫王尼布甲尼撒滅了,後主西底家被擄,聖殿被毀,亦開始了以色列人二千五百多年的流亡生活,期間除了 167BC Maccabean 革命的百年復國,皇室中興,以色列人要等到 1948 年五月十四日才終於復國。猶太人被放逐到巴比倫,過著流放生活。自此,以色列僑民的日常用語便漸漸由希伯來文改為巴比倫迦勒底人(Chaldean) 的亞蘭文 (Aramaic)。

539BC 波斯入主巴勒斯坦,亦是以亞蘭文為法定語文。444BC,波斯亞達薛西王釋放酒政尼希米等人回以色列,修復耶路撒冷和城牆。回流巴勒斯坦的猶太人,既是以亞蘭文為母語,因此那時在會堂的崇拜,已是即場由希伯來文翻譯成亞蘭文。就像在加拿大土生的華裔, 在華人教會的崇拜也需要即場中英翻譯。《舊約》《以斯拉記》及《但以理書》,亦參入了部份亞蘭文,可見那時的猶太人,都是雙語(bilingual)的。耶穌、約瑟、馬利亞等的母語也就是亞蘭文。

332BC,亞力山大帝入主巴勒斯坦,雄霸天下,猶太人又過著馬其頓殖民地生活。這時,巴勒斯坦又添了馬其頓的希臘文為新的國際語文。埃及亞力山大城,成為主要希臘文的學術中心。那一帶的猶太人亦以希臘文為主。使徒行傳中,亦記載了說希臘文及說亞蘭文的兩邦猶太人之一個事件。

公元前 323,亞力山大帝突然猝死,版圖分裂成四個帝國,巴勒斯坦落入他的將軍 Seleucus I 的 Seleucid 帝國裡。公元前 167,Antiochus 王禁止猶太人在聖殿獻祭,引起以色列 Maccabean 獨立革命,Mattathias the Hasmonean 擊退 Seleucid 帝國大軍,皇室復國,百年中興。可惜到公元前 63,羅馬帝國入侵巴勒斯坦,猶太人再度亡國,開始了 700 年羅馬殖民地時代,直到公元 637 巴勒斯坦落入回教人手上為止,這段時期猶太人又添了羅馬拉丁文為國際語文。

多年的亡國生活,猶太人過著不斷的殖民地流亡生活,各有不同的母語鄉音,希伯來文已非日常用語了。使徒行傳二章記載了那時代猶太人的多元文化,耶穌復活後七星期是五旬節,那一天聖靈降臨,彼得與使徒能說出不同的方言,用猶太僑民自己的語言向他們講道,其中有帕提亞人、米底亞人、以攔人,和住在米索不達米亞、猶太、加帕多家、本都、亞細亞、弗呂家、旁非利亞、埃及的人,並靠近古利奈的利比亞一帶地方的人,還有克里特和阿拉伯人。

雖然一般以色列僑民經過多年的殖民地生活,希伯來語會流失,但標準的希伯來文字和發音,沒有失存,因為以色列乃虔誠的民族,一直有資深的希伯來語文士  Scribe,繼續保全抄寫聖經,保存每個希伯來字的正確讀音,包括「YHWH」的讀音,憑口授記憶,傳頌翻譯。況且,當時還有以耶和華的名字作見面禮的傳統,此外,從會堂裏聚會時,即場翻譯的崇拜中都有機會接屬「YHWH」的名字及其標準發音。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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