Home昔日真理報2018年 真理報文章2018 年 6 月【耶和華名譯史】「耶和華」名字翻譯小史(12)

【耶和華名譯史】「耶和華」名字翻譯小史(12)

 

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為甚麼和合本《舊約》有耶和華的名字,而《新約》卻沒有?

《和合本》的舊約原文底本是《馬所拉文本》(Masoretic Text) ,與今天的最新版本 Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 大同小異。《馬所拉文本》舊約,感謝有猶太人的悉心保存,他們準確地抄寫,保存了耶和華 YHWH 的名字。無論是希伯來語原文,或其他語文譯本,猶太人至今還保全著耶和華 YHWH 名字,幾千年來,原汁原味,未有改動過。和合本譯者既是翻譯猶太人保存的《舊約》,裡面有耶和華名字,所以和合本《舊約》裡便有耶和華名字。

《新約》的希臘文原文底本,歐洲譯者一般都用 1633 年的《公認經文》(Textus Receptus) ,包括 1611 年的 King James Bible (KJV)《英王欽定本》和 1911 年的《和合本》。後來,出土了更古老的希臘文抄本,發現《公認經文》部份內容與之不符。 1881 年,魏斯科(Brooke Foss Westcott, 1825–1901) 和霍特(Fenton John Anthony Hort, 1828–1892) 鑑證希臘文原文,出版了全新的希臘文新約版本 The New Testament in the Original Greek,亦稱為 Westcott and Hort (1881) 《魏斯科和霍特文本》。1885 年,按著此新出土的希臘原文,重新翻譯的英文新舊約,出版了 Revised Version (RV) ,又稱 English Revised Version。

《新約》,並不是猶太教的經文,而是天主教的經文,便沒有受到猶太人的保存,也沒有猶太人對原文的尊重、操守和堅持。《新約》本來有「耶和華」神的名字,經過哲羅姆的翻譯災難後,天主教徒重新抄寫《新約》時,便把所有「耶和華 YHWH」的名字,改寫為希臘文 Kyrios 「主」。如今流傳在世的最古的《魏斯科和霍特文本》《新約》古籍,也是被篡改過的新抄本而已,耶和華 YHWH 名字已被全部改寫成 Kyrios 「主」。 

如今世上所有語文的《新約》譯本,包括中文《和合本》在內,都只是翻譯自篡改過的《新約》新抄本而已,新抄本裡沒有耶和華的名,那譯文裡當然也沒有。新抄本用希臘文 Kyrios 「主」來代替原來的「耶和華 YHWH」,那《和合本》的譯者也只得以訛傳訛,將錯就錯,把 Kyrios 譯回「主」。怪不得世上所有語文的《新約》譯本,包括《和合本》在內,都沒有 YHWH「耶和華」的名。

我們只知如今《新約》裡但凡有「主」出現的地方,都可能在原文裡是YHWH「耶和華」,不幸原文的古卷都已失傳,已無從稽考。倘若有一天,考古學家能發現一本公元 300 年前的《新約》古卷,他們必定能看到書裡有 YHWH「耶和華」神的名字,我們期待著這一個考古的重大發現。

為甚麼有些外語譯本連《舊約》也沒有耶和華的名字?

《新約》的譯本裡沒有耶和華名字是必然的,因為如今的《新約》新抄本,裡面沒有耶和華名字,那譯本當然沒有耶和華名字。但《舊約》就不同,《舊約》有猶太人傳下來的希伯來文抄本,裡面耶和華 YHWH 名字是原封不動的保全好的。翻譯《舊約》是應當有 YHWH「耶和華」的名的。

到十六世紀歐洲文藝復興,各國爭先翻譯聖經,有些譯者如威克理夫 Wycliffe,馬丁路德等,只是翻譯拉丁文 Vulgate《武加大譯本》,《武加大譯本》裡沒有耶和華 YHWH 的名,那他們的譯本當然也沒有耶和華的名,這還情有可原。可是,有些譯者卻是翻譯希伯來語《舊約》原文的,可悲的是他們也繼續盲從《武加大譯本》的避諱先例,在譯本裡都刪掉「耶和華 YHWH」的名,改寫為「主」,情何以堪。如今,還有許多外語譯本,裡面神的名字是蕩然無存的。《武加大譯本》的翻譯災難,荼毒日後譯者的深遠,可見一斑。

人死留名,豹死留皮,一個人的名字也是他的榮耀,君不見有許多公司、名牌、商標、基金、建築物、城市、飛機場、戰艦等,都是創辦人自名,或後人為紀念先人命名的。耶和華的名也是祂的榮耀,刪掉祂的名字,便是褫奪祂的榮耀。撒旦得逞了,如今,好些信徒不但不會回答「誰是神?」這個問題,有些更是連神的名字都不知道,惶論求告,歌頌讚美祂的名,他們的敬拜生活裡完全沒有耶和華的名字,真是傷透神的心。諷刺的是他們也叫人與神和好,但又不告訴人「誰是神」,外面滿天神佛,你叫對方與哪個神和好呢?

約翰說:"我們知道,我們是屬神的,全世界都臥在那惡者手下(約壹 5:19)。" 怪不得保羅告誡我們要抵擋魔鬼的詭計,因我們並不是與屬血氣的爭戰,乃是與撒旦惡魔爭戰。撒旦施展離間計,是有系統的的陰謀,阻止人與神和好。我們這一代的信徒,要穿戴神所賜的全副軍裝,把它擊敗,撥亂更正,還看今朝。

耶穌也曾預言這一場「傳統」災難

耶穌亦早料到世人會這樣無稽荒誕,盲目跟從「人的傳統」而背棄祂「神的心意」。耶穌預言:「他們將人的吩咐當作道理教導人,所以拜我也是枉然。你們是離棄神的誡命,拘守人的遺傳」;又說:「你們誠然是廢棄神的誡命,要守自己的遺傳。」(馬可 7:7-9) 因此祂早已告誡我們:「你們要謹慎,恐怕有人用他的理學和虛空的妄言,不照著基督,乃照人間的遺傳和世上的小學就把你們擄去(西 2:8)。」

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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