【非洲異國情】圍著吃

 

在今天文明發達社會,人們經濟較穩定,忙碌過後享受美味,追求品味和新鮮感,而城市人少有在家煮食習慣。在非洲發展中的國家,城市人生活工作不太繁重,消費力有限,餐館業又沒有出現競爭現象,食譜中的選擇多屬外國飲食口味,也有夾雜的地道口味。若真的能將本土的餸菜美味搬到城市餐館呈現客人前,還需要一段頗長時間和努力。與其討論城市的美食,倒不如到鄉間認識地道的美味,猶如家人圍著吃的甜美時光。

家有糧餉。鄉郊的生活純樸,要到五日一次的墟期可以找到什麼,婦女為此要費一番心思,她們多為尋找補給品,或以物換物。 以農耕為生的村民在家設有穀倉。秋收後,在家屯積起全年所用的糧食,基本有五穀,如小米,玉米,大米,其他農產有花生,洋蔥,棘椒,曬乾物有六角豆,青豆等,地道加工釀製食料有蕃茄乾,花生醬,及植物礙固油等。家中若有飼養禽畜便可減輕生活開資。地源有別,鄉間有肉類和穀物供應,城市有進口食品,人們雖有現金和經濟力,但仍多依靠鄉村土產。菜蔬種植是限於季節性的,每年十一月至二月天氣清涼,秋收冬藏後,村民才有空閒種植菜蔬,但洋蔥和蕃茄是例外,可全年生產的。

每日三餐。一般家庭每天進食三餐。非洲人進食時間,早餐若在清早八時,其餘兩餐在下午二點和晚八時後才進食,不單是因習慣,在穆民村落也因宗教緣故,選擇在祈禱後才進食。早餐吃的多是昨夜剩下的餸菜或糕點,喝羊奶或清茶。午餐多為吃飯,鄉郊農耕期,人們是吃小米糕。飯熟後,再把白飯先用蕃茄醬或美極精加色與味烹調。餸菜多少不定,通常有蘿蔔,矮瓜,西白菜,小許肉食如雞或牛羊,肉是骨連肉一起烹煮的,又添上地道的燈籠椒,最為惹味刺激,引發胃口食慾。食料中,除了吃大米,也用小米作成粉狀,以鍚盤盛載。然後,預備一個餸汁,以奶和少許花生醬混合,將汁倒在盤內,讓小米粉浸透汁後才可進食。食料也有意粉,通心粉,各種也預先用調味料烹調後,再添上配菜。

煮食天職。婦女每天要負起取柴挑水等家務,又主理全家飲食,滿足各人肚腹,所以婦女們每天多在廚房內團團轉地忙過不停。由於家庭成員眾多,每餐用飯的人丁可達廿至卅人,包括小孩和寄宿的遠親子姪,這些家庭每天煮食都弄起大鑊飯。廚房主理吩咐幾位婦女先在地上備好幾隻大平而圓盤上,分給孩童,成人,婦女組等,將飯放在盤內和掃平飯粒,然後在其上放上各種餸菜食物,擺放有秩序。然而由婦女將飯菜盤送到各組,又遞上洗濯用品。

圍著吃。非洲人進食時,都是聚在一起吃,有分男丁,婦女,和孩童各在一堆,以大布或蓆子蓋地,在其上放上飯盤,又備有水桶,或洗手盤,和一個裝有清水的塑膠水壺,各人輪流從水壺倒出水來洗手,又請旁友幫助倒水。因進食只用右手取吃,固此有時只洗右手便可。各人圍在一起坐在地上,一足踹曲在地上,一足以膝曲放在前,各人用手取點餸菜連飯粒圈在手掌中心,用手慢慢搓著,在手心內搓成飯團如小球,及至飯球堅實不散,沒有半點黏在手指或其手掌邊時,食者便將飯球用指頭將之推入口腔內,慢慢嘴嚼。進食時,旁人也有禮地用手撕開肉片,遞給旁人以示敬意。

款待貴客。若有宴請貴賓,家廚都有特別預備兩盤餸菜,頭盤是一般的飯加上菜蔬,次盤是另外的材料如通心粉,意粉添上肉食等,此為對特別賓客的款待。飯後也給各人洗濯清潔。在美味餘慶之餘,又給各人又奉上清茶,間有水果侍候,如西瓜,木瓜等。不過,在鄉間和不是果實季節,就未能奉上。

中非異同。與中國傳統類同,非洲人也重視一家人圍著吃喝,是凝聚家人情感的時刻,增強各人間互相依伴,確認自已的身份。為了能與家人聚團共吃,就算烹煮備食有多辛苦,外出工作的地方有多遠,他們也是甘心回家共膳和竭盡所能而為的。

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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