Home昔日真理報2018年 真理報文章2018 年 7 月【耶和華名譯史】「耶和華」名字翻譯小史(13)

【耶和華名譯史】「耶和華」名字翻譯小史(13)

 

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『雅威』名字怎樣『失而復得』?更正【舊約】譯本,平反還原父神的名

雅威的名字,何時開始在聖經譯本重新出現?

話說撒旦要神的名字從聖經裡消失,從約公元前三世紀猶太人的『呼讀避諱』開始,到約公元三世紀外邦天主教徒的『抄寫避諱』,只花了幾百年的功夫便成功了。

公元三世紀後,羅馬凱撒君士坦丁把天主教定為國教,教宗貴為國師,權傾天下,本可以道濟蒼生,推動神的國度,可惜教派人士一旦踏進仕途,有了利害衝突,撒旦便乘機大肆攻擊及剝削他們人性的弱點,他們利欲熏心,逃不了官場上無間的政治鬥爭,與皇室權貴明爭暗鬥,以權謀私。1139 年,天主教的 Second Lateran Council,規定教士宣誓獨身之後,仍然約有三十多位教宗生活奢華,私下養妻活兒,也是公開的秘密。

公元 405 年,教宗被撒旦利用,先來了一個翻譯災難,使神的名字在聖經裡銷聲匿跡,蕩然無存,聖經慘變成了無名天書,神的名字便這樣被世人遺棄遺忘。自此,天主教會走火入魔,為鞏固勢力,積極排除異己,把拉丁文【武加大譯本】Vulgate 推為正典,為保障他們的權威和利益,嚴禁世人再翻譯聖經;閱讀聖經和解經獨攬為教會的專利,百姓不准讀經或解經,教士所講的乃絕對權威,連皇室都要屈服,平信徒稍有異議, 則被打成異端,輕則革出教門,或嚴刑逼降變節,重者格殺勿論,火燒死刑,草菅人命。

繼拉丁文【武加大譯本】之後,教廷便把所有其他聖經文獻重新抄寫,新抄本也把所有神的名字全部刪掉,改寫為『主』,然後再毀滅原來有神名字的文獻,『除名塗鴉』行動,撒旦拿下第一個回合的勝利,神的名字從此銷聲匿跡了一千年,彷彿為之後千多年的【黑暗時代】揭了序幕。

黑夜待黎明,一千年後,歐洲文藝復興,百家爭鳴,『更正運動』石破天驚,千載黑夜終破曉,初露曙光,父神的名字,彷彿重見光明。以下記載當年翻譯聖經先烈的可歌可泣歷史,他們自十四世紀開始,作為捍衛聖經真理的『抗議徒 Protestant』,拋頭顱,灑熱血,為我們換取今天的信仰自由。

『雅威』的名字,便是在這個天翻地覆的時代重見天日。在平反神名的過程中,峰迴路轉,荊棘滿途。神的名字,約公元十五世紀,首先出現『耶和華』的發音,但真正的『雅威』名字,千呼萬喚,再要過五百多年後,公元二十世紀始出現。

第一個突破

翻譯方面,Wycliffe 打開了千年悶局,他率領翻譯團隊,英譯拉丁【武加大譯本】。 1382-1395 年之間,完成了英國第一本英譯聖經 Wycliffe's Bible。最重要的是譯本裡有四處平反神的名為 Jehovah(創22:14, 出6:3; 17:15, 士6:24, 詩83,18)。神的名自四世紀被羅馬天主教從聖經裡刪掉,遺忘了千年,終於重見天日,蒼天幸甚。

1384 年,Wycliffe 逝世,1395 年 2 月, Lollards 門生在 Westminster Hall 門上釘了【十二結論】The Twelve Conclusions,公開批評羅馬天主教的十二項做法。教廷大怒,下令燒毀譯本, 1410 年,英皇亨利四世 Henry IV 不像他父親皇叔 John of Guant 那樣地容忍 Lollardy 運動,他發表 De heretico comburendo 宣言,禁止國民擁有或翻譯聖經,違者則被視為異端,處以火燒死刑。

1415 年 5 月 4 日,羅馬教宗馬丁五世 Martin V 在德國 The Council of Constance 宣布 Wycliffe 為異端,他死後三十一年亦被驅逐出教會,並遭開棺燒屍,骨灰散在 Swift 河裡。他在捷克的戰友胡司 Jan Hus(John Huss),也被打成異端,處以火燒死刑,以儆效尤。胡司殉教後,教廷與捷克開戰,但是四次進攻都被擊退,捷克胡司派系,也成了日後更正運動的中流砥柱。

畢竟時代潮流,浩浩蕩盪,順之則昌,逆之則亡。轉眼又過了一百年,到了十六世紀歐洲【文藝復興】時代,學術風氣百花齊放,百家爭鳴。拉丁文已與時代脫節,歐洲各國樹立了獨特的文化和語文,都渴望國民能以自己的語言閱讀神的話語,爭先冒生命危險翻譯聖經,羅馬教廷欲蓋彌彰,更正教徒殺之不盡。

1395 年 Wycliffe's Bible

到十四世紀中葉,英國牛津大學神學教授約翰威克理夫(John Wycliffe),終於發難,公開批評羅馬天主教過度弄權及奢華,要求改革,發動了【罗拉德派運動】Lollardy Movement,被譽為日後【更正運動】的前身,因此他被譽為【更正運動的晨星】Morning Star of the English Reformation。Lollard 的含意是指不學無術的人,是當時教會取笑他和同道的貶義詞。他的教義起初得到牛津大學,及皇叔 John of Guant 的包容,追隨者日廣。

可是 1381 年,英國發生【農民起義】 Peasants' Revolt,因為 1340 年代的黑死病,和長期與法國【百年戰爭】帶來的重稅,老百姓民不聊生。雖然 Wycliffe 代表 Lollards 運動眾門人公開反對起義,劃清界線,但因為其中一個起義領袖 John Ball 是 Lollardy 門生,皇室對 Lollards 產生了恐懼,怕對社會造成動亂,便開始排擠他們,Wycliffe 亦終於被牛津大學解僱。(未完)

 

      聖經金句 (Bible Verses)

喜樂 Joy

喜樂的心乃是良藥;憂傷的靈使骨枯乾。箴言 17:22
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. Proverbs 17:22

然而,我要因耶和華歡欣,因救我的 神喜樂。哈巴谷書 3:18
yet I will rejoice in the LORD, I will be joyful in God my Savior. Habakkuk 3:18

要常常喜樂,不住的禱告,凡事謝恩。帖撒羅尼迦前書 5:16-17
Rejoice always, pray continually, give thanks in all circumstances. 1 Thessalonians 5:16-17

饒恕 Forgiveness

主啊,你本為良善,樂意饒恕人,有豐盛的慈愛賜給凡求告你的人。詩篇 86:5
You, Lord, are forgiving and good, abounding in love to all who call to you. Psalm 86:5

你不要說:“我要以惡報惡”;要等候耶和華,他必拯救你。箴言 20:22
Do not say, “I’ll pay you back for this wrong!” Wait for the LORD, and he will avenge you. Proverbs 6:14

你們饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必饒恕你們的過犯;馬太福音 6:14
For if you forgive other people when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. Matthew 6:14

你們不饒恕人的過犯,你們的天父也必不饒恕你們的過犯。馬太福音 6:15
But if you do not forgive others their sins, your Father will not forgive your sins. Matthew 6:15

你們各人若不從心裡饒恕你的弟兄,我天父也要這樣待你們了。馬太福音 18:35
This is how my heavenly Father will treat each of you unless you forgive your brother or sister from your heart. Matthew 18:35

謙卑 Humility

敬畏耶和華是智慧的訓誨;尊榮以前,必有謙卑。箴言 15:33
Wisdom’s instruction is to fear the LORD, and humility comes before honor. Proverbs 15:33

敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有、尊榮、生命為賞賜。箴言 22:4
Humility is the fear of the LORD; its wages are riches and honor and life. Proverbs 22:4

凡事不可結黨,不可貪圖虛浮的榮耀;只要存心謙卑,各人看別人比自己強。腓立比書 2:3
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Philippians 2:3

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

驕傲 Pride

驕傲來,羞恥也來;謙遜人卻有智慧。箴言 11:2
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom. Proverbs 11:2

驕傲只啟爭競;聽勸言的,卻有智慧。箴言 13:10
Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves. Proverbs 13:10

驕傲在敗壞以先;狂心在跌倒之前。箴言 16:18
Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall. Proverbs 16:18

但他賜更多的恩典,所以經上說:神阻擋驕傲的人,賜恩給謙卑的人。雅各書 4:6
But he gives us more grace. That is why Scripture says:“God opposes the proud but shows favor to the humble.” James 4:6

忍耐 Patience

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

並且你們要為我的名,被眾人恨惡,惟有忍耐到底的,必然得救。馬可福音 13:13
Everyone will hate you because of me, but the one who stands firm to the end will be saved. Mark 13:13

不但如此,就是在患難中也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance. Romans 5:3

我們行善,不可喪志;若不灰心,到了時候就要收成加拉太書 6:9
Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give up. Galatians 6:9

你們也當忍耐,堅固你們的心,因為主來的日子近了。雅各書 5:8
You too, be patient and stand firm, because the Lord’s coming is near. James 5:8

溫柔 Meekness

回答柔和,使怒消退;言語暴戾,觸動怒氣。箴言 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. Proverbs 15:1

溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。馬太福音 5:5
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. Matthew 5:5

用溫柔勸戒那抵擋的人;或者 神給他們悔改的心,可以明白真道。提摩太後書 2:25
Opponents must be gently instructed, in the hope that God will grant them repentance leading them to a knowledge of the truth. 2 Timothy 2:25

只要以裡面存著長久溫柔、安靜的心為妝飾;這在 神面前是極寶貴的。彼得前書 3:4
Rather, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight. 1 Peter 3:4

嫉妒 Envy

不要為作惡的心懷不平,也不要向那行不義的生出嫉妒。詩篇 37:1
Do not fret because of those who are evil or be envious of those who do wrong. Psalm 37:1

心中安靜是肉體的生命;嫉妒是骨中的朽爛。箴言 14:30
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots the bones. Proverbs 14:30

在何處有嫉妒、紛爭,就在何處有擾亂和各樣的壞事。雅各書 3:16
For where you have envy and selfish ambition, there you find disorder and every evil practice. James 3:16

生氣 Anger

當止住怒氣,離棄忿怒;不要心懷不平,以致作惡。詩篇 37:8
Refrain from anger and turn from wrath; do not fret—it leads only to evil. Psalm 37:8

好生氣的人,不可與他結交;暴怒的人,不可與他來往。箴言 22:24
Do not make friends with a hot-tempered person, do not associate with one easily angered. Proverbs 22:24

愚妄人怒氣全發;智慧人忍氣含怒。箴言 29:11
Fools give full vent to their rage, but the wise bring calm in the end. Proverbs 29:11

生氣卻不要犯罪.不可含怒到日落。以弗所書 4:26
In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry. Ephesians 4:26

我親愛的弟兄們,這是你們所知道的,但你們各人要快快的聽,慢慢的說,慢慢的動怒,因為人的怒氣並不成就 神的義。雅各書 1:19,20
My dear brothers and sisters, take note of this: Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry, because human anger does not produce the righteousness that God desires. James 1:19,20

災難 Calamity

謹守口與舌的、就保守自己免受災難。箴言 21:23
Those who guard their mouths and their tongues keep themselves from calamity. Proverbs 21:23

民要攻打民、國要攻打國、多處必有地震、饑荒.這都是災難的起頭。馬可福音 13:8
Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be earthquakes in various places, and famines. These are the beginning of birth pains. Mark 13:8

憂愁 Worry

你們不要憂愁、因靠耶和華而得的喜樂是你們的力量。尼希米記 8:10
Do not grieve, for the joy of the LORD is your strength. Nehemiah 8:10

主雖使人憂愁, 還要照他諸般的慈愛發憐憫。耶利米哀歌 3:32
Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love. Lamentations 3:32

凡勞苦擔重擔的人,可以到我這裡來,我就使你們得安息。馬太福音 11:28
Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Matthew 11:28

我留下平安給你們、我將我的平安賜給你們.我所賜的、不像世人所賜的.你們心裏不要憂愁、也不要膽怯。約翰福音 14:27
Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. John 14:27

應當一無掛慮,只要凡事藉著禱告、祈求和感謝,將你們所要的告訴神。神所賜出人意外的平安,必在基督耶穌裡,保守你們的心懷意念。腓立比書 4:6,7
Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Philippians 4:6,7

因此, 你們是大有喜樂, 但如今, 在百般的試煉中暫時憂愁。彼得前書 1:6
In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. 1 Peter 1:6

患難 Trouble, Suffering

義人多有苦難,但耶和華救他脫離這一切。詩篇 34:19
The righteous person may have many troubles, but the LORD delivers him from them all. Psalm 34:19

神是我們的避難所,是我們的力量,是我們在患難中隨時的幫助!詩篇 46:1
God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Psalm 46:1

耶和華本為善,在患難的日子為人的保障,並且認得那些投靠他的人。那鴻書 1:7
The LORD is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him. Nahum 1:7

為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。馬太福音 5:10
Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 5:10

不但如此,就是在患難中,也是歡歡喜喜的。因為知道患難生忍耐。羅馬書 5:3
Not only so, but we also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; Romans 5:3

我想現在的苦楚,若比將來要顯於我們的榮耀,就不足介意了。羅馬書 8:18
I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. Romans 8:18

因為你們蒙恩,不但得以信服基督,並要為他受苦。腓立比書 1:29
For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him. Philippians 1:29

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